The History of John Bull by John Arbuthnot, first published in 1712, is a brilliant work of political satire that introduced the enduring personification of “John Bull” as a symbol of England. Written during the War of the Spanish Succession, the book uses allegory and humor to critique British politics and international affairs. In this satirical tale, John Bull is depicted as a plainspoken, good-natured Englishman who becomes entangled in a long and costly legal battle — a thinly veiled metaphor for Britain’s involvement in European wars. Through John Bull’s interactions with his neighbors and rivals, Arbuthnot parodies the political figures and nations of the time, offering sharp commentary on corruption, diplomacy, and national character. Known for its wit, insight, and playful style, The History of John Bull helped shape the image of John Bull as a national symbol, much like Uncle Sam later became for the United States. The work remains a key example of early 18th-century satire and a clever reflection on political affairs through the lens of fiction.
